3M: CO History Doubles
Packet Eight
Questions by Eric Mukherjee, Mike Cheyne, and Mik Larsen

1.	One ship in this man’s fleet is rammed and destroyed by the Robert-Faulkner-commanded Aquila. In one battle, this figure is surrounded by increasing numbers of golden energy balls, and defeating him requires using Wolf Cloak, Bear Might, and Eagle Flight; after that battle, he is killed by smashing the ceiling of a pyramid while standing on it. This man experienced a vision in which he launches a retaliatory strike after Ziio attempts to steal his scepter; this occurs after he touches a First Civilization artifact called the (*) Apple of Eden. In one battle, this man shot the horse of the Templar Haytham Kenway out from under him. This man was responsible for ordering the massacre of the tribe of Ratonhnhaké:ton (Ra-doh-han-gay-don), a.k.a. Connor, a few years after his expedition to Fort Duquesne with Edward Braddock. For 10 points, name this historical figure, who in an alternative timeline presented in Assassins Creed III becomes a tyrannical king after winning the Revolutionary War.
ANSWER: George Washington [accept “King Washington”]

2.	In his Natural History Book 33 Pliny the Elder discusses this substance and attributes its discovery to Erichthonius or Aeacus. This substance replaced aes signatum after the Pyrrhic war. Ministeria of this material such as the Oceanus Dish were found at Hildesheim and Mildenhall, and a sulphide of this material with copper and lead called Niello was used for black inlay work. The Warren Cup, which displays explicit pederastic images, is made from this material, and Epicurean maxims decorate the Boscoreale cups made of this substance. The increasing scarcity of this substance resulted in the runaway inflation of the 3rd century AD. Production sites for this material included Rio Tinto in Spain and the Laurium mining complex in Attica; proceeds from Laurium financed the construction of the Piraeus and the construction of Themistocles' "wooden wall". For 10 points, name this metal, the base for the Greek obol and the Roman denarius.
ANSWER: Silver

3.	One kingdom located in this modern-day nation employed the Imbangala, bands of warriors whose female members were not allowed to give birth. The poet Viriato da Cruz helped found one political party in this country. One force here was provided military aid in Operation IA Feature, which prompted congress to pass the Clark Amendment. During one election in this nation, opposition leaders like Jeremias Chitunda and Elias Pena were pulled from their vehicles and killed during the Halloween massacre. The Heritage foundation provided one faction in this nation’s (*) civil war with political and military aid, convincing it to switch from a Marxist-Leninist stance to a capitalist one; during that conflict, Cuba sent forces to aid one side in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. MPLA and the Jonas-Savimbi-led UNITA fought each other for control of this nation, which also faced separatist elements in its exclave of Cabinda. For 10 points, name this nation which contained the capital of the Kingdom of Kongo, was colonized by Portuguese settlers landing in Luanda.
ANSWER: Angola

4.	In 1901, the youthful Fleetwood Lindley saw this thing, making him the last surviving person to look upon it. John Carroll Power formed a "Guard of Honor" to protect this thing. Counterfeiter "Big Jim" Kennally planned on stealing this thing in 1876 and burying it in the Indiana Dunes while holding it for ransom, but was foiled when his men hired paid informants of the Secret Service. It was originally going to be placed in the Mather Vault, but a widow insisted it be placed in the Oak Ridge Cemetery. This thing, accompanied by the remains of a youth named Willie, retraced the route of a man's original inauguration, journeying by train from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, where it was buried. For 10 points, name this corpse of the assassinated 16th President of the United States.
ANSWER: Abraham Lincoln's body [accept obvious equivalents]

5.	Orphans protected by the church in this polity were called izgoi. One ruler of this nation was killed when a snake living in his horse’s skeleton bit him, while another died by being torn apart by two trees while exacting tribute from the Drevlians. The sister of one ruler of this place got a divorce from Henry IV because he attempted to perform a black mass on her naked body. Forces from this kingdom captured the fortress of Sarkel and renamed it the Bila Vezha. The Council of Liubech divided this kingdom up between a series of princes. Its leaders used a system of succession in which the throne would pass to the eldest brother of the deceased, called the (*) rota or “ladder” system. The Laurentian and Hypatian Codices contain the oldest and second-oldest extant copies of a history of this polity, which tells the story of how it was founded by three Varangian brothers; that work was written by Nestor the Chronicler. One ruler of this nation was aided by Viking mercenaries against his brother, Sviatopolk the Accursed, and ordered the construction of a Golden Gate. For 10 points, name this nation ruled by Yaroslav the Wise and other members of the early Rurikid dynasty, a predecessor state to Russia.
ANSWER: Kievan Rus [or Kiev; prompt on “Russia” before mention]

6.	This document was opposed by James McHenry, who called it an "outrage." In 1931, Hunter Miller claimed it was "at best a poor attempt at a paraphrase." This is the most famous non-poetic, political document produced by the author of the poems Vision of Columbus and The Hasty-Pudding. Critics argue this document's most famous line was merely an invention of Joel Barlow, and not a real attempt at translating Arabic. It is best remembered for a line stating that the U.S.' government "is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion" when outlining the country's tolerance for Muslims. This treaty was broken by the Pasha in 1801, after Thomas Jefferson refused to give in to his demands. For 10 points, name this 1796 treaty signed between the United States and a ruler of a Barbary Coast nation.
ANSWER: Treaty of Tripoli [or Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary] 

7.	The Kew Letters were written to undermine this state's control of its foreign possessions, and this polity helped win the Battle of Bergen versus an Anglo-Russian alliance. One of the "sister republics", it lost the Battle of Camperdown to the British, forcing a postponement of a French attempt to conquer Ireland. Its constitution was created by a radical faction led by the hilariously named Wybo Fijnje (finn-jee) and Anthonie Ockerse, and its head of state was known as a council pensionary. Created via the Treaty of the Hague after its territory was conquered by an army led by Charles Pichegru, its most notable head of state was Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck. Its name originated with a native tribe that provided river-swimming troops to the Roman Empire, and in 1806 this state was replaced by a kingdom headed by Louis Bonaparte. For 10 points, name this short-lived republic which replaced the United Netherlands in 1795 and comprised a puppet state of revolutionary France.
ANSWER: The Batavian Republic (prompt on Holland or the Dutch Republic until Wybo Fijnje)

8.	Along with Charlie Glenn, this man owned a Chicago nightclub called the Rhumboogie Café. After becoming a private during World War II, he remarked "we'll win, 'cause we're on God's side," a quote frequently used on recruiting posters. This man noted "he can run, but he can't hide" when discussing rival Billy Conn, and Franklin Roosevelt told him "we need muscles like yours to beat Germany." From 1939 to 1941, this person easily defeated the so-called "Bum of the Month Club," which included Buddy Baer. His handlers had "Seven Commandments" for him, including "never gloat over a fallen opponent" and "never have his picture taken with a white woman." This man's 1938 rout of Max Schmeling was seen as a blow against Nazi Germany and racism.  For 10 points, name this Detroit boxer known as the "Brown Bomber."
ANSWER: Joe Louis [or Joseph Louis Barrow]

9.	The dominant religious sect in this nation unusually believes that a worldwide caliphate is unnecessary and rely primarily on the Jami Sahih hadith collection. A leader of this nation from the Yaruba Dynasty engaged in a two-year long siege of Fort Jesus, leading to the Kenyan city of Mombasa falling into his hands. One dynasty from this nation, whose kings were called muluk and whose later leaders were usually from the Ibadi sect, established the Bahla fort. A ruler of this nation served in the Cameronian regiment and organized a series of British-trained Firqat irregular guerrillas to defeat PFLOAG-associated rebels during the (*) Dhofar rebellion; that ruler of this nation appoints 83 people to the Majlis al-Dawla. Arab spring protests in this nation were centered on the Globe Roundabout in the city of Sohar, leading to its leader, Qaboos, dismissing one-third of the Shura council. This nation controlled several colonies along the African great lakes in the 19th century, until their economy was tanked by the British banning slavery. For 10 points, name this Sultanate which also names the Gulf connected by the Strait of Hormuz to the Persian Gulf.
ANSWER: Oman

10.	The campaign which led to this battle was pushed by the organizational fervor of Philip de Mezieres, and sources for this battle include Jehan de Wavrin and the Monk of St. Denis. Before this battle one side captured the town of Rachowa and slaughtered the inhabitants despite an amnesty, and the other had captured the twin capitals of Vidin and Tarnovo and had Ivan Shishman strangled. One side had at its vanguard Boucicault and the Comte D'Eu and employed allied forces under Mircea the Elder. The expedition which led to this battle had been sanctioned by Boniface IX, but only started after two years' delay. It started with the siege of a city held by Dogan Bey by an army led by Jean de Nevers, also known as John the Fearless. One side ignored the advice of King Sigismund and charged the enemy infantry, only to be surrounded by sipahis and slaughtered. For 10 points, name this crushing victory for Bayezid the Thunderbolt in 1396, which ended the last major Crusade.
ANSWER: The Battle of Nicopolis

11.	The so-called "Angel" of this event helped feed and protect William Parsons Miller. Of the "Red Rovers," Fortunatus Shackelford died during it, but his father, Dr. Jack Shackelford, was spared to treat the wounded. The man who created the first map of the Gadsden Purchase, Herman Ehrenberg, escaped it by jumping into a river. The night before, thinking a ship had been obtained for their departure participants blissfully sang "Home Sweet Home." This event took place on Palm Sunday, with participants marched into three columns, although those who could not walk remained at Fort Defiance. After losing the Battle of Coleto, James Fannin and his men ended up dying at this event, despite pleas for clemency by Jose de Urrea. At the Battle of San Jacinto, victors shouted to remember the Alamo and this event. For 10 points, name this 1836 "massacre" of Republic of Texas soldiers carried out by the Mexican army.
ANSWER: Goliad Massacre

12.	This ruler lends his name to an Aegis-enabled KDX Phase III class of destroyers. A poetry collection compiled by this man includes an entry detailing how trees with deep roots don’t sway in the wind, and is entitled The Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven.  During this man’s reign, one of his children and an originally low-class scientist collaborated to invent the rain gauge. This ruler established a series of four forts and six military outposts to counteract the Jurchen. Under the guidance of his father, this man launched an expedition against a polity controlled by So Sadashige that had become a base for pirates; that assault on Tsushima was the (*) Oei invasion. This man’s second son was targeted in a coup attempt by the Six Martyred Ministers, who were originally appointed by this man. This promulgator of Confucianism established the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars whose most famous work during his reign was entitled The Proper Sounds For the Instruction of the People. For 10 points, name this Joseon ruler of Korea who created the Hangul alphabet.
ANSWER: King Sejong the Great

13.	This city was founded by the "Three Lucky Swedes," Jafet Lindeberg, Erik Lindblom, and John Brynteson. North Dakota politician Alexander McKenzie tried to take over this town in 1900, but ended up serving a year in jail, as documented in the John Wayne movie The Spoilers. The Norwegian Leonhard Seppala and Togo helped save this city, but he became embittered when they were somewhat ignored by the media in favor of Gunnar Kaasen. Wyatt Earp built the Dexter Saloon in this city when he traveled up to it during the 1899 to 1909 gold rush. In 1925, a diphtheria epidemic in this city was stopped when a team led by such sled dogs as Balto brought antitoxins, a feat commemorated by an annual race that begins in Anchorage and ends here. For 10 points, name this city in Alaska where the Iditarod finishes.
ANSWER: Nome [or Nome City]

14.	In one comedy sketch, this man states he is "a retired window cleaner and pacifist" in a small boarding house in Somerset. In one novel, this leader dies of coronary thrombosis at his desk, had his successor chosen by the Committee of Eight, and banished psychologist Ttomalss after he openly criticized his party. This man is depicted between Ayatollah Khomeini and Martin Luther King, Jr. on the cover of Second Contact. It isn’t von Ribbentrop, but in one novel, this man proposed a pact to Vyacheslev Molotov against the alien species The Race in order to retake Poland. In that timeline, his successor Ernst Kaltenbrunner ordered a 1965 invasion of Poland which led to the nuclear destruction of what was left of his country. For 10 points, name this successor to Adolf Hitler after his death of natural causes in the alternate history series Worldwar created by Harry Turtledove, who in real history was the head of the SS.
ANSWER: Heinrich Himmler [or Heimrich Bimmler until "coronary thrombosis"]

15.	A book written by this man blends diary entries, prose, and haiku, was published with a foreword by W. H. Auden, and was called Markings. His predecessor told him “You are going to take over the most impossible job on Earth”, and one of his constituents wanted to replace him with a troika during the Congo Crisis. A monument to him called Single Form was created by Henry Moore, and he gave aid to Habib Bourgiba in pushing the French out of Bizerte. He excluded members of the FBI from his headquarters and, after the coup by the Pathet Lao, arranged for a neutral Laos. He appointed Conor Cruise O’Brien as his representative in Katanga and was criticized for not sufficiently protesting the execution of Patrice Lamumba. An advocate of 'quiet diplomacy', For 10 points, name this diplomat who secured a peaceful resolution to the Suez Canal dispute, a former head of the Swedish national bank whose plane crashed on a UN diplomatic mission in 1961.
ANSWER: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjold

16.	This event destroyed the 800 page manuscript of land speculator Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard. It's not a shipwreck, but it was responsible for financially devastating Horatio Spafford, the author of the hymn "It Is Well with My Soul."An Egon Weiner bronze sculpture can be found at the likely starting point for this event. Louis Cohn possibly initiated it during a night of gambling, while Richard Bales theorized this event was caused by Daniel "Pegleg" Sullivan during a botched attempt at stealing milk. This event, which began at 137 DeKoven Street, destroyed the church of Dwight Moody. On the same day, a similar event to the north devastated Peshtigo, Wisconsin, killing even more people. Legendarily, this event began when Mrs. O'Leary's cow knocked over a lantern. For 10 points, name this October 1871 event in which a major Illinois city suffered a conflagration. 
ANSWER: Great Chicago Fire

17.	One copy of this speech is extant through a letter by Leonel Sharp. A second version of this speech recorded by William Leigh includes a line about “proud Philistines” who “revile the host of the living God”. The speaker states that “I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder” and is addressed to “my loving people”, who deserve rewards and crowds that will be “duly paid”. This speech was given while the speaker was surrounded by the Earl of Leicester, the Earl of Essex , and Sir John Norreys, and it was given to(*) steel against a possible attack by the armies of Alexander Farnese. It was given 11 days after a victory at Gravelines, and the speaker emphatically stated that they had “the heart and stomach of a king” despite being female. For 10 points, name this oration given in advance of the invasion of the Spanish Armada by Queen Elizabeth I.
ANSWER: Queen Elizabeth’s speech to the troops at Tilbury [prompt on anything relevant that doesn’t mention Tilbury]

18.	One participant at this event later narrowly missed dying during TWA Flight 266, while another joked about how he had made it from a coolie to someone who has to worry about income taxes. A group of servants urinated in front of an embassy to protest their being forced to sleep outside during this effort. This effort included the leader’s friend George Lowe, with whom he had travelled to Cho Oyu as part of a team led by Eric Shipton. Nehru supposedly blocked one participant in this effort from being (*) knighted; instead, he received the George Medal. This expedition, which was commanded by Colonel John Hunt, succeeded after using the South Col route and crossing the Lhotse Face. It occurred a few days before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, and this expedition was assisted by Tenzing Norgay’s group of Sherpas. For 10 points, name this event in which a New Zealander made it to the top of the tallest mountain in the world.
ANSWER: Edmund Hillary climbing Mount Everest [or the 1953 British Expedition to Everest; need either Edmund Hillary or both “Britain” and the year 1953 for points]

19.	Several of these entities were annexed by France after it sent the Alert and the Astrolabe. The “Bombay Castle” is located in this region, and two rival factions located here were the “Kingdom of Humanity” and the Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads, who were started by father-son pair James George and Franklin Meads. The discoverer of these entities was the commander of the whaling ship Cyrus, and they are found in the middle of the “Dangerous Ground”. Tomas Cloma declared the Free Territory of Freedomland in this area. A detachment of troops guarding the (*) ship Sierra Madre are present in this location. Brunei claims Louisa Reef in this formation as part of its EEZ, and battles over it have included the Johnson South Reef Skirmish and the standoff over the Scarborough Shoals, in which the Chinese seized the area in question. For 10 points, name this archipelago fought over by six different Asian nations, an oil-rich group of islands found in the South China Sea.
ANSWER: Spratley islands [Prompt on “South China Sea”]

20.	Historian I.A. Wright described this city's economy as "a lemon not worth squeezing" because heavy anchoring fees crippled trade. Jacques de Sores once hung six slaves because of a ransom not paid by this city. Pepe Antonio led a machete-armed defense force in defense of this city versus an expedition led by George Keppel and George Pocock. Home to forts called 'The Castle of Royal Might' and ' The Castle of the Three Kings of the Cliff', its Plaza del Vapor contained a prominent prostitution district. Originally called Puerto Carenas, it was the center point of a hypothetical 1200-mile 'Golden Circle' proposed by the namesake Knights. Adjacent to the Almendares River, Philip IV's widow gave it a flag with a key to symbolize it being the 'Key to the Gulf'. For 10 points, name this Caribbean city which later saw the Maine sink in its harbor.
ANSWER: Havana